Captured by Elites: The Portuguese Media System in Liberalism (1820–1926)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51480/1899-5101.17.2(36).571Keywords:
Imperial Public Sphere, Portuguese media system, liberalism, captured mediaAbstract
This article argues that the concept of ‘captured media’ is invaluable to a deeper understanding of the roles performed by media systems throughout European liberalism and early democratization of nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This case-study explores the structures of the media system during Portuguese Liberalism (1820–1926) in the scope of the Portuguese empire. The concept of the ‘Imperial Public Sphere’ is applied to show how imperial and colonial elites captured the media system to exercise and spread its political and ideological power. As a methodological approach to analyze the roles performed by press, the case-study relies on the model developed by Hallin and Mancini (2004), which is applied to three empirical cases. The use of the concept ‘captured media’ in the field of media history is a contribution to understanding the political roots of the press during colonialism and its legacy to contemporary media systems in Lusophone countries.
References
Alves, J. A. dos S. (2015). A Opinião Pública em Portugal: Da Praça Pública à Revolução (1780–1820) [The Public Opinion in Portugal: From the Streets to Revolution (1780–1820)]. Lisbon: MediaXXI.
Alves, J. A. dos S. (2000). A Opinião Pública em Macau [The Public Opinion in Macao]. Lisbon: Fundação Oriente.
Barton, F. (1979). The Press of Africa, Persecution and Perseverance. London: MacMillan Press.
Beasley, E. (2005). Empire as the Triumph of Theory, Imperialism, Information and the Colonial Society of 1868. London: Routledge.
Corrado, J. (2008). The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism 1870–1920. Amherst: Cambria Press.
Costa, C. M. (2022). A Abelha da China: A Apropriação Macaense do Discurso Político. [China Bee: The Macanese Political Speech]. In H. Pinto and D. D. Braga (Eds.), A Abelha da China nos seus 200 anos – Casos Personagens e Confrontos na Experiência Liberal de Macau. Universidade de Macau.
Cronqvist, M., & Hilgert, C. (2017). Entangled Media Histories. Media History, 23:1 (2017): 130–141. DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2016.1270745
Duffy, J. (1959). Portuguese Africa. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Figueiras, R., & Ribeiro, N. (2019). O Setor dos Media no Espaço Lusófono [Media on Lusophone Public Sphere]. Lisbon: Universidade Católica Portuguesa.
Finkel, A. (2015). “Captured News Media: The Case of Turkey.” Center for International Media Assistance.
Fonseca, I. de A. (2023). “A esfera pública imperial”, [The Imperial Public Sphere] In M. dos S. Lopes (Ed.), A História na Era na (Des)Informação [History in the Age Of (Dis)Information] Lisbon: Universidade Católica Editora, pp. 100–114.
Fonseca, I. de A. (2019). A Imprensa e o Império na África Portuguesa, 1842–1974 [The Press and The Empire in Portuguese Africa, 1842–1974]. Lisbon: Almedia, Edições 70.
Fonseca, I. de A. (2017). “The Press and Empire in The Portuguese Africa, 1842–1926”. In J. L. Garcia, C. Kaul, F. Subtil, and A. Santos (Eds.), Media and the Portuguese Empire. Palgrave Macmillan, 145–159.
Fraser, N. (2014). Transnationalizing the Public Sphere: On the Legitimacy and Efficacy of Public Opinion in a Post‑Westphalian World. In K. Nash (Ed.), Transnationalizing the Public Sphere. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 08–42.
Garcia, J. L., Alves, T., & Léonard, Y. (Eds.). (2017a). Salazar, o Estado Novo e os Media [Salazar, Media and New State] Lisboa: Edições 70, Almedina.
Garcia, J. L., C. Kaul, F. Subtil, & A. Santos. (2017b). Media and the Portuguese Empire. Palgrave Macmillan.
Gonçalves, J. J. (1964). A Informação em Angola (Alguns subsídios para o seu estudo). [Angola’s Press – notes for research]. Lisbon: Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Política Ultramarina, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.
Habermas, J. (1991) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Massachussets: MIT Press. (Original work published in 1962)
Hallin, D. C., & P. Mancini. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Innis, H. A. (1986). Empire and Communications. Victoria: Press Porcépic.
Kaul, C. (Ed.). (2006). Media and the British Empire. Palgrave Macmillan.
Lopo, J. de C. (1964). Jornalismo de Angola: subsídios para a sua história. [Angola’s Journalism – notes for history]. Luanda: Centro de Informação de Turismo de Angola.
Lourenço, J. P. da C. (2002). A Dinâmica e o Estatuto dos Jornalistas em Angola no Período da ‘Imprensa Livre’, 1866–1923 [The Dynamics and Conditions of Journalists in Angola on the Period of Free Press, 1866–1923]. Luanda: União dos Escritores de Angola.
Machado, A. V., Fonseca, I. de A., Newman, R.S., & Lobo, S. A. (Eds.). (2023). Creating and Opposing Empire, The Role of the Colonial Periodical Press. New York: Routledge.
Mackenzie, J. M. (1986). Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880–1960. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Mann, M. (2012). The Sources of Social Power. Vol. 3 of Global Empires and Revolution, 1890–1945 of M. Mann. Cambridge University Press.
Guerrero, M. A., & Márquez‑Ramírez, M. (Eds.) (2014). Media Systems and Communication Policies in Latin America. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Maxwell, K. (Ed.). (1983). The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
Mungiu‑Pippidi, A. (2013). Freedom without Impartiality: The Vicious Circle of Media Capture. In P. Gross and K. Jakubowicz (Eds.), Media Transformations in the Post‑Communist World. Plymouth: Lexington Books, pp. 33–48.
Newitt, M. (1981). Portugal in Africa: The Last Hundred Years. London: C. Hurst & Co.
Ochs, M. (1986). The African Press. Cairo: The American University in Cairo.
Rezola, M. I. and Gomes, P. M. (2014). A Revolução nos Media [The Revolution on Media]. Lisbon: Tinta da China.
Roberts, A. (1986). The imperial mind, In J. D. Fage & R. Oliver (Eds.), From 1905 to 1940, Robert, A., ed.Vol. 7 of The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press, pp. 24–76.
Potter, S. J. (2003). News and the British World, The Emergence of an Imperial Press System, 1876–1922. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sena, T. (2022). “The social and political rise of a Macau ‘Natural’ during the period of Liberalism: António dos Remédios (ca.1770–1841)”. In H. Pinto and D. D. Braga (Eds.), A Abelha da China nos seus 200 anos – Casos Personagens e Confrontos na Experiência Liberal de Macau. [ 200 years of China Bee – Cases, Actors and Conflict During Liberal Experience]. Macau: Universidade de Macau.
Schifrin, A (Ed.). (2021). Media Capture, How Money, Digital Platforms, and Governments Control the News. New York: Columbia University Press.
Sousa, J. P., Lima, H., Hohlfeldt, A., & Barbosa, M. (Eds.). (2017). Uma História da Imprensa Lusófona. Portugal. Media XXI.
Stille, A. (2006). Silvio’s Shadow. Columbia Journalism Review 45 (3), 33–41.
Stiglitz, J. (2017). Toward a Taxanomy of Media Capture, In A. Schiffrin (Ed.), In the Service of Power: Media Capture and the Threat to Democracy. Washington: Center for International Media Assistance, pp. 09–17.
Tengarrinha, J. (2013). Nova História da Imprensa Portuguesa das Origens a 1865 [New History of Portuguese Press, From origens to 1865]. Círculo dos Leitores.
Xavier, A. B., & Santos, C. M. (2007). “Cultura Intelectual das Elites Coloniais” [Intellectual Culture of Colonial Elites]. Cultura, Revista de História e Teoria das Ideias, vol. 24, 9–33.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Polish Communication Association
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
