Enhancing Celebrity Status

Disinformation Media’s Contribution to the Image Formation of Marian Kočner in the Context of the Murder of Slovak Journalist Ján Kuciak

Authors

  • Hedviga Tkacova Catholic University in Ruzomberok, Slovakia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51480/1899-5101.19.1(42).614

Keywords:

Marian Kočner, Ján Kuciak, narratives, tonality, disinformation media in Slovakia

Abstract

The paper presents the celebrity image of Marian Kočner as it was presented by selected disinformation media while informed about the murder of journalist J. Kuciak and his fiancée M. Kušnírová. We pointed out that the „celebritisation” of M. Kočner in the Slovak society has been contributed to, among others, by disinformation media, which did so by means of 1) narratives related to the person of M. Kočner and 2) the tonality of published texts (positive, negative, neutral). Through a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of 600 articles from five disinformation media sources, the study identifies six prevalent narratives depicting Kočner with predominantly neutral tonalities. Notably, these neutral depictions persisted long after mainstream media began portraying Kočner negatively. This study aims to shed light on the phenomenon of contribution to the image formation of celebrities through disinformation media, even in cases where the celebrity is a negative public persona.

References

Baider, F., & Constantinou, M. (2024). Transnational conspiracies echoed in emojis, avatars, and hyperlinks used in extreme-right discourse. International Journal of Communication, 18. Online: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16809

Bakir, V. & McStay, A. (2018). Fake News and the Economy of Emotions: Problems, Causes, Solutions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 154–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645

Bennett, W. L., & Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122–139. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317

Boorstin, D. J. (1962). The Image: Or, What Happened to the American Dream. New York: Atheneum.

Bradshaw, S. & Howard, P. N. (2018). Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Oxford: University of Oxford.

Cleary, M., Horsfall, J. & Hayter, M. (2014). Data collection and sampling in qualitative research: does size matter? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(3), 473–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12163

Conroy, N. J., Rubin, V. l. & Chen, Y. (2015). Automatic deception detection: Methods for finding fake news. Computer Science, 52(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.2015.145052010082

Ďateľ. (2018, February 27). Tóth: Nevieme, kto bol terčom útoku [Tóth: We don’t know who was the target of the attack]. Retrieved from: https://www.datel.sk/clanok/toth-nevieme-kto-bol-tercom-utoku.

Ďateľ. (2019, October 28). Obžaloba v kauze Kuciak má chyby. Môžu mať fatálne dôsledky pre celý prípad [The indictment in the Kuciak case has flaws. They can have fatal consequences for the whole case]. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/datel.sk/posts/2504355583132348/.

Denník N. (2017). Klamstvá a konšpirácie: Príručka N pre stredné školy [Lies and Conspiracies: A Handbook for Secondary Schools]. Retrieved from: https://www.vzdelavacisluzby.cz/dokumenty/banka-souboru/5001993.pdf.

Digital News Report. (2020). Foreword to the Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020. Retrieved from: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-06/DNR_2020_FINAL.pdf.

Dyer, R. (1986). Heavenly Bodies. London: Macmillan Books.

Extraplus. (2020, October 6). V prípade vraždy Kuciaka bola obžaloba nepresvedčivá [In the case of Kuciak’s murder, the prosecution was unconvincing]. Retrieved from: https://www.extraplus.sk/clanok/v-pripade-vrazdy-kuciaka-bola-obzaloba-nepresvedciva.

Extraplus. (2022, November 5). Inzercia [Advertising]. Retrieved from: https://www.extraplus.sk/extraplus/inzercia-extra-plus.

Filová, K. (2019, February 21). Polícia vo videu k vražde Kuciaka a Kušnírovej ukázala rozmazanú tvár Kočnera [In the video of the murder of Kuciak and Kušnírová, the police showed the blurred face of Kočner]. Retrieved from: https://spravy.pravda.sk/domace/clanok/502966-vrazda-novinara-sa-podla-policie-navzdy-zapisala-do-slovenskych-dejin/.

Fitzpatrick, N. (2018). Media Manipulation 2.0: The Impact of Social Media on News, Competition, and Accuracy. Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, 4(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajmmc.4.1.3

Gaffney, J. & Holmes, D. (2007). Stardom in Postwar France. Oxford: Berghahn Books.

Gorwa, R. (2017). Computational Propaganda in Poland: False Amplifiers and the Digital Public Sphere. In Woolley, S. & Howard, P. N. (Eds.). (2017). Working Paper 2017. 4. Oxford, UK: Project on Computational Propaganda.

Hanus, M. (2019, October 24). Threema: Kočnerove Hlavné správy [Threema: Kočner’s media Hlavné správy]. Retrieved from: https://www.postoj.sk/48275/threema-kocnerove-hlavne-spravy.

Heydari, A., Tavakoli, M. A., Salim, N. & Heydari, Z. (2015). Detection of review spam: A survey. Expert Systems with Applications, 42(7), 3634–3642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2014.12.029

Hlavné správy. (2017, September 10). Kočner pohrozil novinárovi z Aktualít: Začnem sa zaujímať o tvojich rodičov a rodinu [Kočner threatened a journalist from Aktualít: I will start to take an interest in your parents and family]. Retrieved from: https://www.hlavnespravy.sk/kocner-pohrozil-presstitutovi-z-aktualit-zacnem-sa-zaujimat-o-tvojich-rodicov-rodinu/1131326.

Hlavné správy. (2019a, October 14). Kočner mal varovať bývalého generálneho prokurátora Trnku, že ho pre nahrávku Gorily zabijú. Haščák: Denník N interpretáciou a prepájaním šíri konšpiračné teórie [Kočner was supposed to warn the former Prosecutor General Trnka that he would be killed for the Gorilla recording. Haščák: Denník N spreads conspiracy theories through interpretation and linking]. Retrieved from: https://www.hlavnespravy.sk/marian-kocner-mal-varovat-byvaleho-generalneho-prokuratora-trnku-ze-ho-nahravku-gorily-zabiju/1917376?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+hlavnespravy+%28Hlavn%C3%A9+spr%C3%A1vy%29.

Hlavné správy. (2019b, September 27). Šokujúce svedectvo organizátora protestov ‘Za slušné Slovensko’: “Oklamali Slovensko, klamali aj do očí rodičom zavraždených. Mám dôkazy” [Shocking testimony of the organizer of the protests ‘For a decent Slovakia’: “They deceived Slovakia, they also lied to the parents of the murdered. I have proof”]. Retrieved from: https://www.hlavnespravy.sk/sokujuce-svedectvo-organizatora-protestov-za-slusne-slovensko-vsetko-riadila-jedna-mimovladka-predcasne-volby-nikdy-neboli-v-plane-mam-dokazy/1899594.

Infovojna. (2019a, March 22). Kočner podal sťažnosť voči obvineniu z objednávky vraždy Kuciaka [Kočner filed a complaint against the charge of ordering the murder of Kuciak]. Retrieved from: https://www.infovojna.bz/article/kocner-podal-staznost-voci-obvineniu-z-objednavky-vrazdy-kuciaka?fbclid=IwAR2KJF9TYjorNUFMQ1qVGKjZ-s7F5QaBtdTaV802A_KIZA-beK-x_pF5vHM.

Infovojna. (2019b, March 14). Mariana Kočnera obvinili z vraždy Kuciaka [Marian Kočner was accused of murdering Kuciak]. Retrieved from: https://www.infovojna.bz/article/mariana-kocnera-obvinili-z-vrazdy-kuciaka?fbclid=IwAR3oTuPetaMy-JotpSjbFCKpV0BqhvJMQoGNFp1oJ6LcGSBmmUx9DIPYFP4.

Infovojna. (2020, May 17). Informácie z vyšetrovacieho spisu vraždy Kuciaka, ktoré vám médiá nepovedia [Information from the investigation file of the murder of Kuciak that the media won’t tell you]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzGZTyjvHZ0.

Jowett, S. G. & O´Donnell, V. (2012). Propaganda and Persuasion. London: SAGE Publications.

Kasarda, M. & Szomolányi, A. (n.d.). Analýza – Marián Kočner v médiách v rokoch od 2006 do 2018 [Analysis – Marián Kočner in the media from 2006 to 2018]. Retrieved from: https://www.paneurouni.com/aktuality-masmedii/analyza-marian-kocner-v-mediach-v-rokoch-od-2006-do-2018/.

Klingová, K. (2020, April 5). Dezinformácie ohrozujú voľby, počas pandémie ohrozujú životy [Disinformation threatens elections, threatens lives during a pandemic]. Retrieved from: https://www.globsec.org/what-we-do/commentaries/dezinformacie-ohrozuju-volby-pocas-pandemie-ohrozuju-zivoty.

Konšpiratori.sk. (n.d. a). Zoznam stránok so sporným obsahom [List of websites with questionable content]. Retrieved from: https://konspiratori.sk/zoznam-stranok.

Konšpiratori.sk. (n.d. b). Kritériá na zaradenie stránky do databázy [Criteria for including a page in the database]. Retrieved from: https://konspiratori.sk/kriteria

Kumar, S., West, R. & Leskovec, J. (2016). Disinformation on the web: Impact, characteristics, and detection of Wikipedia hoaxes. In Proceedings of the 25th international conference on World Wide Web. Montréal, Québec, Canada. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2872427.2883085

Madleňák, T. (2020, March 12). Kočner dotoval dezinformačný portál Hlavné správy. Šéfredaktor Sopko o tom vedel a Kočnerovi písal obdivné správy [Kočner subsidized the disinformation portal Hlavné správy. Editor-in-chief Sopko knew about it and wrote admiring messages to Kočner]. Retrieved from: https://www.tyzden.sk/politika/63092/kocner-platil-hlavne-spravy-ich-sefredaktor-o-tom-vedel/.

Marshall, D. (1997). Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.

Merriam­‑Webster dictionary. (n.d.). Disinformation. Retrieved from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disinformation

Potter, R. F. (1999). Measuring the “Bells & Whistles” of a New Medium: Using Content Analysis to Describe Structural Features of Cyberspace. In Proceedings 49th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association. San Francisco, USA.

Redmond, S. A. & Holmes, S. (Eds.). (2006). Framing Celebrity. New Directions in Celebrity Culture. Abingdon, New York: Routledge.

Reporters without borders. (2018, October 27). Slovakia: Press freedom predator’s shadow hangs over Kuciak murder. Retrieved from: https://rsf.org/en/slovakia-press-freedom-predator-s-shadow-hangs-over-kuciak-murder.

Rončáková, T. (2021). Osoba Mariána Kočnera v kontexte mediálnej celebritotvorby. Teoretické zarámovanie problematiky. In M. Kraviarová, & E. Peknušiaková (Eds.), Médiá a text 7 (II. časť). Prešov: Filozofická fakulta Prešovskej univerzity v Prešove, pp. 67–75.

Ruttkayová, M. & Tóth, P. (2019, November 5). Tóth písal Kočnerovi: Viem dostať informácie von cez Pravdu, Ďatla a Hlavné správy, s rovnakým dosahom, ako cez žumpu [Tóth wrote to Kočner: I can get information out through Pravda, Đatla and Hlavné svarva, with the same reach as through a cesspool]. Retrieved from: https://www.omediach.com/tlac/16556-toth-pisal-kocnerovi-viem-dostat-informacie-von-cez-pravdu-datla-a-hlavne-spravy-s-rovnakym-dosahom-ako-cez-zumpu.

Sámelová, A. (2020). Celebrity v mediálnom priestore – metamorfóza obyčajnej nezvyčajnosti na nezvyčajnú obyčajnosť [Celebrities in the media space – the metamorphosis of ordinary unusualness into unusual ordinaryness]. Otázky žurnalistiky, 63(1-2), 12–18.

Sámelová, A. (2021). A Brilliant Celebrity with a Controversial Public Role. Proceedings: Celebrity and Crisis, Celebrity in Crisis. Università di Bologna.

Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2016). Qualitative research. Orlando, Sage.

Slobodný vysielač. (2019, July 23). V kauze vraždy Kuciaka súd ukončil dokazovanie [In the case of the murder of Kuciak, the court ended the evidence]. Retrieved from: https://slobodnyvysielac.sk/2020/07/23/v-kauze-vrazdy-kuciaka-sud-ukoncil-dokazovanie/.

Struhárik, F. & Augustín, R. (2018, April 6). Spravodajské médiá dosiahli v marci rekordy, Hlavné správy majú čítanosť takmer na úrovni TA3 [News media reached records in March, Main News has readership almost at TA3 level]. Retrieved from: https://e.dennikn.sk/1086874/spravodajske-media-dosiahli-v-marci-rekordy-hlavne-spravy-maju-citanost-takmer-na-urovni-ta3/.

Struhárik, F. (2019, October 25). MediaBrífing: Prečo sú Hlavné správy ideálnym partnerom pre Fica a Kočnera [MediaBriefing: Why Hlavné sravé is an ideal partner for Fico and Kočner]. Retrieved from: https://dennikn.sk/1630470/mediabrifing-preco-su-hlavne-spravy-idealny-partner-pre-fica-a-kocnera-grafy-a-fakty/.

Únos iniciatívy “Za slušné Slovensko” [Abduction initiative “For a decent Slovakia”]. (n.d.). Žiaden únos iniciatívy. V skutočnosti je tento archív len kronikou ďaľšej farebnej revolúcie [No initiative hijacking. In fact, this archive is just a chronicle of another color revolution]. Retrieved from: https://odboj.eu/.

Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559

Zhou, X. & Zafarani, R. (2020). A Survey of Fake News: Fundamental Theories, Detection Methods, and Opportunities. Association for Computing Machinery, 1(1), 1–37. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.00315.pdf

Downloads

Published

2026-08-17

How to Cite

Tkacova, H. (2026). Enhancing Celebrity Status: Disinformation Media’s Contribution to the Image Formation of Marian Kočner in the Context of the Murder of Slovak Journalist Ján Kuciak. Central European Journal of Communication, 19(1(42), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.51480/1899-5101.19.1(42).614

Issue

Section

Scientific Papers

Categories

Similar Articles

<< < 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.